Mechanical strain-based weather sensor

ABSTRACT

Weather sensors and particularly collect weather data by measuring bending and compression stresses in a weather sensor device. The sensors are based upon the principle of bending stresses and the linear variation of stress between the maximum and minimum point. The sensors model deformation of a hollow shaft or rod. The sensors encompass measuring compression, bending, and/or torsional stresses on other cross-sectional shapes using the appropriate relationship for the particular cross-section that finds use in the technology.

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent applicationSer. No. 61/777,914, filed Mar. 12, 2013, which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

Provided herein is technology relating to weather sensors andparticularly, but not exclusively, to devices, methods, and systemsrelated to collecting weather data by measuring bending, torsional, orcompression stresses in a weather sensor device.

BACKGROUND

Weather data are used by numerous entities such as government agenciesand a variety of industries for analysis and informational purposes. Forexample, some industries that typically require accurate weather datainclude power traders, utility companies, insurance agencies,agriculture, and research institutions. Moreover, accurate data arecritical for weather forecasting and meteorology, as well as foralternative energy planning and/or monitoring.

Atmospheric data is extracted from a variety of sources, includingground observations, satellites, upper atmospheric soundings, andsurface-based radar. In most instances, the most valuable data for theentities that depend on accurate weather data are obtained fromground-based observation of a set of constantly measured atmosphericparameters such as temperature, pressure, humidity, hydrometeor data,wind, dewpoint, solar intensity, pollutants, and severe weatherphenomena.

Often, a device called a weather station measures these atmosphericparameters. These devices are often transported to a location andoperate unattended. Accordingly, it is desirable for the weather sensorsused in a weather station to be compact, reliable, and accurate withoutintervention by the user.

For example, a conventional technology for detecting hydrometeors isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,286,935. This precipitation detectorcomprises a detector attached beneath a rigid surface. The impact ofhydrometeors on the surface causes the detector to output electricalsignals associated with the impacts. In other conventional technologies,wind measurements are performed by devices such as a wind vane or a cupanemometer. Each of these devices, by their nature, requires movingparts. These moving parts are susceptible to several modes of failure.For example, dirt and ice may cause these conventional devices to seizeand stop functioning. Over a long period of use, the moving parts ofconventional devices are also susceptible to mechanical failure.

In addition, conventional technologies such as a cup anemometer or animpeller-based wind measurement unit have an intrinsic latent responseto changing wind conditions and thus produce time-lagging data. Inparticular, the rotational inertia of the wind-flow collector prohibitssudden accelerations and decelerations that occur during sharp windtransients.

While some conventional solutions relate to anemometers with zero movingparts, these technologies also have drawbacks. For example, sonicanemometers require precise signal conditioning and are consequentlyoften expensive. In addition, hot wire anemometers are liable toaccumulate particulates that adversely affect the long term calibrationof wind values.

Accordingly, it was realized that there was a need for a compact,inexpensive, anemometer that has no rotational moving parts.

SUMMARY

Provided herein is technology relating to weather sensors andparticularly, but not exclusively, to devices, methods, and systemsrelated to collecting weather data. The technology is based upon theprinciple of bending stresses and the linear variation of stress betweenthe maximum and minimum point. While the technology relates in someaspects to the observed or modeled deformation of a hollow shaft or rod,the technology also encompasses measuring compression, bending, and/ortorsional stresses on other cross-sectional shapes using the appropriaterelationship for the particular cross-section that finds use in thetechnology.

Moreover, in some embodiments, the technology measures weather andrelated data by measuring stress and strain imparted on a sensor by arigid shaft (e.g., a shaft that is not substantially deformable).

In some embodiments, each strain is measured and input to a model tocalculate force (e.g., wind, hydrometeor) magnitude and direction (see,e.g., FIG. 1, FIG. 10, and FIG. 11). The technology is not limited inthe algorithms and configurations of strain gages that are used toextract the data. For example, some embodiments comprise a devicecomprising three strain sensors placed at an interval of 120° and use ofa model in which the vectors are added with 120° between them; in someembodiments, the technology relates to a device comprising four strainsensors placed at an interval of 90° and use of a model in which thevectors are added with 90° between them. Other numbers of sensors andtheir placement, and appropriate vector models, are contemplated by thetechnology.

In some embodiments, the sensors are attached to the periphery of shaft,rod, or other structure attached to a drag-generating component such asa sphere. In some embodiments, the sensors are attached to a rigid shaftand a static, rigid, grounded fixture (e.g., one or more sensors linkthe rigid shaft to the grounded fixture).

The wind is moving air that applies a force on the sphere, thusproducing a force on the attached rod or shaft. In some embodiments, theforce produces a bending or torsional strain in the shaft and/or, insome embodiments, the force on the shaft produces a strain in a strainsensor. This force on the drag-generating component is modeled the sameas a force on an object moving through a fluid. Accordingly, the dragforce acting upon the drag-generating component is approximated by:

$\begin{matrix}{F_{d} = {\frac{1}{2}\rho \; v^{2}c_{d}A}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

wherein F_(d) is the force of drag, ρ is the density of the fluid (e.g.,air), v is the velocity of the object relative to the fluid, c_(d) isthe drag coefficient (a dimensionless parameter), and A is the referencearea (e.g., an orthographic projection of the object on a planeperpendicular to the direction of motion, e.g. for objects with a simpleshape, such as a sphere, this is the cross sectional area). For a spherein wind, c_(d) is approximately 0.47 and A is the cross-sectional areaof the sphere, namely, A=π r².

In some embodiments, this draft force induces a bending moment in thestrain sensors (e.g., attached to the shaft and/or connecting a rigidshaft to a grounded fixture). In some embodiments, this drag forceinduces a bending moment throughout a shaft or a rod attached to thesphere. Accordingly, some embodiments relate to monitoring and measuringtorsional stresses in the shaft attached to the sphere. In someembodiments, this drag force is transmitted through a rigid shaft toproduce a bending moment in a strain sensor. This bending moment issensed by the strain sensors attached to the periphery of the shaft orrod.

The bending stress (e.g., at the strain sensors or at the strain gagesin a load cell) depends on the moment arm of the force (e.g., producedby the drag force). For example, the stress created by a bending momentis described by:

$\begin{matrix}{\sigma = {\frac{My}{I_{x}} = \frac{F_{d}{dy}}{I_{x}}}} & \left( {2a} \right)\end{matrix}$

where σ is the bending stress, M is the moment about the neutral axis, yis the perpendicular distance to the neutral axis, F_(d) is the force(e.g., drag force), d is the moment arm (e.g., the distance from thedrag force to the strain sensors), and I_(x) is the second moment ofarea about the neutral axis x. The moment arm is directly proportionalto the bending stress observed at the strain sensors.

For embodiments comprising a deformable shaft, the analysis of thestress at the sensor locations requires consideration of the shape ofthe shaft.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a load cell and the reactionmoment required for equilibrium is determined (e.g., in someembodiments, it is equal) by the moment imparted by the wind force onthe device. In some embodiments, the moment is approximately the same asthe bending moment experienced by one of the strain gages of the loadcell, e.g., at the location marked as 2 in FIGS. 8B and 8D. In someembodiments, if the bending moment is equal to the wind-generatedbending moment described in equation 2, the equation 2 variables wouldthen become

$\begin{matrix}{y = {\frac{1}{2}t}} & \left( {2b} \right) \\{I_{x} = \frac{{wt}^{3}}{12}} & \left( {2c} \right) \\{t = \frac{h - {dia}}{2}} & \left( {2d} \right)\end{matrix}$

where w is the width into the page and the values for t, dia, and h arethe dimensions of aspects of the load cell as shown in FIG. 8E.

Furthermore, stress is related to strain by

σ=Eε  (3)

wherein the stress σ at the detector location is related to the strain εat the detector location by a factor E that is the tensile modulus ofelasticity for the material experiencing the strain. E is themathematical description of an object's or substance's tendency todeform elastically (e.g., non⁻permanently) along an axis when opposingforces are applied along that axis. As such, E is associated with thematerials from which the device is made. In embodiments utilizing thisrelationship between stress and strain (e.g., E), the device operateswithin the elastic region of the material where stress and strain arerelated by a linear relationship. In some embodiments, sensors alsodetect strains in other directions, such as the strain perpendicular tothe primary strain sensor's axis of sensitivity caused by Poisson'sratio and shear strain due to torsion. In some embodiments, thesestrains and stresses are detected by additional sensors or by usingdifferent types of sensors that detect these strains. However,measurement of these additional strains is not required to practice thetechnology according to some embodiments.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a strain sensor that is astrain gage. In some embodiments, the device comprises a strain sensorthat is a load cell comprising one or more strain gages. The technologyis not limited in the type of strain sensor and/or strain gage that isused. While many types of strain gage exist, some embodiments comprise abonded resistance-based strain gage. The resistance of aresistance-based strain gage changes in proportion to the strain of thesurface to which it is attached. The scaling between the change inresistance and the strain is called the gage factor. This relationshiptakes on the form of:

$\begin{matrix}{\frac{\Delta \; R}{R} = {\kappa ɛ}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

where κ is the gage factor. A typical value of R is, e.g., 120Ω to1000Ω. The value of κ is specific to the production batch and typicallyhas a value around 2.0. The strain is dimensionless and can be expressedas a decimal fraction, as a percentage, or in parts-per notation. Sincethe strain ε is on the order of parts per million (alternatively,“microstrain”) and therefore ΔR is on the order of μΩ, an exemplarycircuit for measuring strain is a Wheatstone bridge, which provides forsensitive detection. In some embodiments, the technology uses aWheatstone bridge such as:

in which R_(sg) represent the resistance-based strain gages. By usingtwo strain gages on opposite sides of the device shaft and arranging thestrain gages within the Wheatstone bridge to provide opposing ΔRchanges, the change in resistance due to bending can be doubled, whiletemperature variation is significantly reduced. By assuming fouridentical resistance values within some embodiments of the Wheatstonebridge, the nominal voltage at the midpoint of each branch is half ofthe supplied voltage. Once the fixture is strained, each strain gage inthe bridge will change by ΔR. This changes the voltage at the midpointbetween the two strain gages because the voltage drop is proportional toresistance for a common current flowing through the strain gages. Sincethe other branch in the circuit remains unchanged, a voltage differenceexists between the two midpoints and is given by:

$\begin{matrix}{{V_{diff} = {{V_{dd}\left( \frac{R + {\Delta \; R}}{R + {\Delta \; R} + R - {\Delta \; R}} \right)} - \frac{V_{dd}}{2}}},} & \left( {5a} \right)\end{matrix}$

In some embodiments, the device according to the technology comprises afull Wheatstone bridge, e.g., comprising the inputs of four sensors(e.g., strain gages), e.g., attached to a load cell (see below and FIG.8B, FIG. 8D, and FIG. 9).

In embodiments comprising a full Wheatstone bridge, the voltage signalis represented by:

$\begin{matrix}{V_{diff} = {{V_{dd}\left( \frac{R + {\Delta \; R}}{R + {\Delta \; R} + R - {\Delta \; R}} \right)} - {V_{dd}\left( \frac{R - {\Delta \; R}}{R - {\Delta \; R} + R + {\Delta \; R}} \right)}}} & \left( {5b\text{-}1} \right)\end{matrix}$

which reduces to:

$\begin{matrix}{V_{diff} = {V_{dd}\left( \frac{\Delta \; R}{R} \right)}} & \left( {5b\text{-}2} \right) \\{V_{diff} = {V_{dd}{\kappa ɛ}}} & \left( {5b\text{-}3} \right)\end{matrix}$

In some embodiments comprising a full Wheatstone bridge, the sensitivityof detection is improved, e.g., in some embodiments the sensitivity isdoubled relative to the arrangement comprising two half-Wheatstonebridges.

The differential voltage V_(diff) can then be amplified by numerousdifferent amplifier topologies. For example, some embodiments comprisean instrumentation amplifier, which rejects common mode voltages,isolates the strain gage voltage from other circuitry components,provides a decently large gain, and provides adequate bandwidth:

V_(amp)=k_(amp)V_(diff)   (6)

This amplified voltage (V_(amp)) is proportional to the differentialvoltage across the bridge (V_(diff)), which is proportional to thestrain of the strain gage, which is proportional to the drag force andwind velocity squared detected by a device embodiment according to thetechnology, as provided for the half-bridge configuration by:

$\begin{matrix}{V_{amp} = {k_{amp}\left( {{V_{dd}\left( \frac{1 + {\kappa \frac{\frac{1}{2}\rho \; v^{2}c_{d}A\; {dy}}{I_{x}E}}}{2} \right)} - \frac{V_{dd}}{2}} \right)}} & (7)\end{matrix}$

where all constants are known and V_(amp) is a function of windvelocity. Equation 7 can be rearranged to:

$\begin{matrix}{F_{drag} = {\frac{I_{x}E}{\kappa \; {dy}}\left( {{2\left( \frac{\frac{V_{amp}}{k_{amp}} + \frac{V_{dd}}{2}}{V_{dd}} \right)} - 1} \right)}} & (8)\end{matrix}$

This equation relates the output voltage to the component of drag forcethat is captured by these particular two strain gages along the mountedaxis of the strain gage, with each strain gage positioned on oppositesides of the shaft. Similarly, in some embodiments, another axis of adual strain gage configuration is employed on an axis perpendicular tothe previous axis of sensitivity (see, e.g., FIG. 5A). This arrangementprovides two simultaneous vectors of strain measurements, both with theability to measure the polarity of the force vector. By knowing both themagnitude and polarity of each vector, and the relative angularrelationship between the axes of sensitivity, one can find the resultantforce vector from the device or system. An embodiment of such anexemplary device is provided in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, the responses fromstrain gage 1 and strain gage 3 are combined into one vector and theresponses from strain gage 2 and strain gage 4 are combined into asecond vector. In some embodiments, the strain gages are mounted 90°from each other; in some embodiments, more vectors are added, e.g., insome embodiments these vectors are displaced at an angle that isdifferent than 90° to maximize sensitivity for a specific application.

In embodiments comprising sensors at 90°, then the resultant forcevector is found by the following equations:

$\begin{matrix}{{F_{resultant}} = \sqrt{{{mag}\; {Vec}\; 1^{2}} + {{mag}\; {Vec}\; 2^{2}}}} & (9) \\{{{\angle F}_{resultant} = {{arc}\; {\tan \left( \frac{{mag}\; {Vec}\; 1}{{mag}\; {Vec}\; 2} \right)}}},{{{for}\mspace{14mu} {magVec}\; 2} > 0}} & \left( {10a} \right) \\{{{\angle F}_{resultant} = {{180{^\circ}} - {{arc}\; {\tan \left( {- \frac{{mag}\; {Vec}\; 1}{{mag}\; {Vec}\; 2}} \right)}}}},{{{for}\mspace{14mu} {magVec}\; 2} < 0}} & \left( {10b} \right)\end{matrix}$

where the vectors are described in:

and MagVec1 is the magnitude of vector 1, MagVec2 is the magnitude ofvector 2, F_(resultant) is the magnitude of the resultant force vector,and ∠F_(resultant) is the angle of the resultant force vector.

In embodiments that comprise two strain gages in a half-bridge, thedifferential voltage cancels out for similar loadings of the two straingages. This decreases thermal sensitivity and limits the type of strainsensed to bending. Accordingly, some embodiments provide for measuringthe actual midpoint voltage within the Wheatstone bridge (rather thanthe differential voltage) and comparing the actual midpoint voltage tothe voltage of the original, unloaded measurement. Then, one obtains ameasurement that is directly proportional to ΔR in a strain gage in thebridge without the cancelling effect of the other strain gage that isidentically loaded for a purely compressive or purely tensile loading.This information is useful for measuring updrafts and downdrafts in windfluctuation and, furthermore, provides a three-dimensional wind dragforce vector in some embodiments of the technology.

In some embodiments of the device and related methods and systems, forceon the device is measuring by monitoring the resistance of strain gages,e.g., by measuring the midpoint voltage and current. In particular, afluctuation in current for a constant midpoint voltage indicates achange in resistance, which would indicate a compressive or tensionforce on the device. An unequal balance of these two scenarios wouldindicate both a bending and an axial load, which is extrapolated todetermine directionality in three dimensions.

While this exemplary circuit finds use in some embodiments of thetechnology, some embodiments comprise other circuits and/or arrangementsof strain gauges within the Wheatstone bridge. For example, in someembodiments the technology uses a full Wheatstone bridge comprising fourinputs (e.g., four signals from strain gages), for example, as shown inFIG. 8B, FIG. 8D, and FIG. 9.

In some embodiments, hydrometeors impacting the device induce acompressive strain on each strain gage. The strain on each sensor isprocessed in the same way as the stress resulting from wind. Inaddition, some embodiments provide that the signals are processed byfrequency analysis to determine the amount of hydrometeors (e.g., rain,hail) impacting the device over a given period.

Some embodiments differentiate between stresses and strains caused bywind and stresses and stresses and strains caused by hydrometeors. Inparticular, wind typically produces a slower frequency in the devicethan a hydrometeor impact. When the device is exposed to both wind andhydrometeors, the resulting signal comprises high frequency hydrometeorsignals overlaid on a low frequency wind signal (see, e.g., FIG. 6).Also, by measuring the signal produced it each strain gage, the locationof each hydrometeor collision on the device is pinpointed using themodels and calculations provided herein. Moreover, analyzing each strainsignal for phenomena that deviate from a two-dimensional wind model(e.g., that produce a higher than expected reading at one sensor)provides a three-dimensional vector model of wind, which cannot beproduced with a cup anemometer.

In some embodiments, the technology comprises two sets of two opposingstrain gages in two Wheatstone bridge configurations to correct forexpansion and contraction of the material on which the sensors aremounted (e.g., due to changes in temperature). Such a configurationfinds use in several environments, e.g., in outdoor environments wheretemperature fluctuations persist throughout the lifetime of the sensor.However, the technology is not limited to this particular arrangement ofsensors and Wheatstone bridges to correct for expansion and contractionof the material on which the sensors are mounted and/or for temperaturecorrections. Correction is achieved with a number of differentconfigurations. Since material thermal expansion is generally wellknown, some types of strain gages or sensors are able to compensate forthis apparent strain behavior by designing the strain gage to mount to acertain material.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a “span” resistor (R_(span))in series with a Wheatstone bridge to provide for temperature correction(see below).

In some embodiments, the device comprises an accelerometer to determineany deviations in the mounting angle upon installation and during useafter installation. In some embodiments, the device compriseselectronics and/or a microprocessor programmed to calibrate the device,e.g., as a self-calibration. For example, hydrometeors and/or wind maycause the object to shift or may deform the object to cause an imbalancein the strain gages. These phenomena are corrected by the calibrationprocess. In some embodiments, the device will trigger an alarm to alerta user if a catastrophic failure occurs. In some embodiments, the alarmis transmitted to a remote user, e.g., over a network such as a cellularnetwork, a wireless network, a wired network, the internet, by anoptical signal, etc.

In some embodiments, the final placement and attachment angle of thedevice determines the initial state of strain. Thus, embodiments providefor establishing a null point as a zero force vector or wind vectorbaseline. In some embodiments, an on-board accelerometer is used tosense the gravitational alignment of the device with respect to theearth. For example, this signal is used in some embodiments to de-couplethe strain sensor values, which depend on both the wind/force vector andthe alignment with the earth. In some embodiments, the device compriseson-board temperature and humidity sensors to compensate for anytemperature induced effects or errors in the strain readings. Moreover,in some embodiments, the device comprises an on-board compass tocalibrate wind direction automatically with respect to north despite anyvariable alignment of the device.

The technology is not limited in the materials used to construct thedevice. In some embodiments, the device is constructed from a metal or aplastic. In embodiments that comprise a drag generating component (e.g.,a sphere) attached to a strained fixture (e.g., a shaft, e.g., acylindrical shaft), the materials of the drag generating component andthe shaft may be the same or they may be different. For example, in someembodiments the drag generating component is made from a material thatis rigid and the shaft is made from a material that is compliant. Insome embodiments, the drag generating component is made from a plastic(e.g., polycarbonate, polyethylene, polystyrene, etc.) or stainlesssteel and the shaft is made from an acrylic material. In embodiments inwhich the device detects hydrometeors such as hail, the material is ableto withstand impacts of hail stones striking the device.

In some embodiments, the device comprises sensors to measuretemperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, solar energy incidenceand/or flux, sound, ambient light, etc. In some embodiments, the devicecomprises a proximity sensor. In some embodiments, measurements and/ordata provided by one or more of these sensors are used to calibrate theinstrument. In some embodiments, measurements and/or data provided byone or more of these sensors are used to correct other measurementscollected by the device. In some embodiments, the measurements frommultiple sensors are integrated to provide an accurate measure of wind,hydrometeor impacts, other atmospheric and weather data, etc. Forexample, in some embodiments the measured air density is used to adjustparameters in the drag force equation (Equation 1) to provide anaccurate drag force measurement to measure wind and hydrometeor impacts.In another exemplary embodiment, deviations in measurements due totemperature drift are corrected using sunlight and temperature readings.Further uses of these sensors include the use of a sound sensor tomeasure the size and/or speed of a hydrometeor or to measure wind speed,wind gusts, and/or wind direction; the use of temperature differentialson the device to determine wind direction; the use of temperature datato adjust parameters related to the stiffness and/or pliability of thematerials used to construct the device.

In some embodiments, data are collected from two or more devices toprovide weather and/or atmospheric data from multiple points in ageographic region. For example, multiple data sets from devicesseparated from one another are used, e.g., for predictive andstatistical analysis of storms and other weather events includingfronts, rain, snow, pressure systems, and high winds. In someembodiments, the two or more devices communicate with one another otherand in some embodiments the two or more devices communicate with acomputer (e.g., a data server) over a network (e.g., a cellular network,a wireless network, a wired network, the internet, by an optical signal,etc.). The technology is not limited by the distance or geographic areathat separates two or more devices or the geographic area for which thetwo or more devices provides weather and/or atmospheric data frommultiple points. In some embodiments, the devices are separated by 10 m,100 m, 1000 m, 10,000 m, or more. In some embodiments, the devicesprovide weather and/or atmospheric data for a region that is 100 m²,1000 m², 10,000 m², 100,000 m², or more. In some embodiments, thedevices are placed at two or more points anywhere on the Earth, e.g.,the devices are placed within approximately 20,000 to 25,000 km of oneanother (the circumference of the earth is approximately 40,000 km). Assuch, the geographic region for which data are collected may be, forexample, a single residence, a city block, a neighborhood, a town orcity, a county, a state, a country, a continent, an ocean, or the entireplanet, and any intermediate geographic region and/or political entitywithin this range.

In some embodiments, the data from one or more devices is processed by acomputer to provide historical, real-time, or forecasted weatherinformation for a geographic area. In some embodiments, the historical,real-time, or forecasted weather information is presented graphically toa user by a display. In some embodiments, the weather and/or atmosphericdata from multiple points triggers an alert or an alarm that istransmitted to a user or service (e.g., over a telephone line, acellular network, a wireless network, a wired network, the internet, byan optical signal, etc.) to prompt preparation for a weather event. Insome embodiments, the data from one or more devices is processed by acomputer using a model to predict the weather at one or more geographicregions. In some embodiments, information about placement of the devicerelative to buildings, trees, etc. is used to analyze weather eventsand/or weather data.

Accordingly, in one aspect the technology is related to weather-sensingapparatus comprising a drag-generating component and two or more strainsensors, wherein a force applied to the drag-generating componentproduces a strain detected by the two or more strain sensors. In someembodiments, the weather-sensing apparatus further comprises a shaftattached to the drag-generating component, said shaft comprising the twoor more sensors. Forces applied to the drag-generating component producetwo or more stresses that are measured by the two or more strain sensorsthat are, in some embodiment, attached to the shaft. The technology isnot limited with respect to the shape of the drag-generating component.For example, in some embodiments, the drag-generating component is asphere. However, the drag-generating component may also be, e.g., anellipsoid, a disc, a slab, a torus, an airfoil, a cylinder, or comprisea drag-generating component such as a wind sock or parachute.

In some embodiments, the weather-sensing apparatus comprises a shaftthat is a hollow cylinder. In some embodiments, the weather-sensingapparatus comprises a shaft that is a rod, e.g., a solid rod. In someembodiments, the shaft is rigid and in some embodiments the shaft isdeformable. The shaft is not limited in its shape (e.g., embodimentsprovide that it is a prism comprising a polygonal end, etc.).

In some embodiments, the weather-sensing apparatus consists of 4sensors, for example some embodiments of the weather-sensing apparatusconsist of 4 sensors placed at 90° intervals relative to one another,e.g., around the circumference of the cylindrical shaft.

In some embodiments, the weather-sensing apparatus consists of 3sensors, for example some embodiments of the weather-sensing apparatusconsist of 3 sensors placed at 120° intervals relative to one another,e.g., around the circumference of the cylindrical shaft.

In some embodiments of the weather-sensing apparatus, the two or moresensors are connected electrically, e.g., in a circuit such as aWheatstone bridge. In some embodiments, the weather-sensing apparatuscomprises a first sensor and a second sensor arranged opposite eachother and connected electrically in a first Wheatstone bridge and athird sensor and a fourth sensor arranged opposite each other andconnected electrically in a second Wheatstone bridge. In someembodiments four sensors are connected in a full Wheatstone bridge,e.g., as shown in FIG. 9.

Some embodiments of the device comprise components such as anaccelerometer, e.g., to sense the orientation of the device in space, tosense changes of the orientation of the device in space, and/or to senseaccelerations (changes of a velocity vector associated with the device)of the device in space. Some embodiments of the weather-sensingapparatus further comprise a temperature sensor, an atmospheric pressuresensor, a humidity sensor, a light sensor, a sound sensor, a proximitysensor, a vibration sensor, a compass, and/or a pollution sensor.

The technology is not limited in the material that is used to constructthe weather-sensing apparatus. For example, in some embodiments, thedrag-generating component is made of plastic or metal (e.g., stainlesssteel). In some embodiments, the shaft is made of plastic (e.g.,acrylic).

The technology provides for the communication of one or more deviceswith each other or with a computer. As such, some embodiments of theweather-sensing apparatus comprise a data transfer component. In someembodiments, the weather-sensing apparatus further comprises a wirelesscommunications component. Some embodiments of the weather-sensingapparatus comprise a data storage component. In some embodiments, thestrain sensors are a type of sensor that is a strain gage, semiconductorstrain gage, piezo crystal, resistive element, capacitive element,inductive element, acoustic sensor, or an optical sensor.

In another aspect, the technology relates to methods for measuring aweather-related force applied to a device, the method comprisingproviding a device comprising a drag-generating component and two ormore strain sensors; obtaining two or more stress measurements from thetwo or more strain sensors; and calculating a vector from the two ormore stress measurements, wherein the vector describes theweather-related force applied to the device. In some embodiments, themethod comprises calculating a bending moment in a shaft attached to thedrag-generating moment. Some embodiments of the methods compriseproducing an electrical signal proportional to the weather-related forceapplied to the device.

Collecting weather data over a time period is useful to extractinformation related, for example, to wind-related phenomena andhydrometeor-related phenomena. Accordingly, in some embodiments themethods provide for recording a plurality of vectors as a function oftime to produce a data set. In some embodiments, the methods furthercomprise deconvoluting a high-frequency signal of the data set from alow-frequency signal of the data set, e.g., to discriminate wind fromhydrometeor events. In some embodiments, the methods further comprisefrequency analysis. For example, in some embodiments wind state isdetermined from low-frequency data, while deconvoluting the output ofthe system with its transfer function derives the input impulse train,e.g., to identify hydrometeor events.

Embodiments of the methods comprise transmitting data describing thevector that describes the weather-related force applied to the device.

In some embodiments, the methods comprise obtaining four stressmeasurements from a device consisting of four strain sensors.Furthermore, some embodiments of the methods comprise calibrating thedevice using the four stress measurements. In some embodiments, thedescription of a weather-related force or event benefits from additionaldata. For example, some embodiments provide for obtaining a measurementfrom a temperature sensor, an atmospheric pressure sensor, a humiditysensor, a light sensor, a sound sensor, a proximity sensor, a vibrationsensor, or a pollution sensor.

Moreover, the description of weather events comprises, in someembodiments, collecting data from a plurality of said devices, e.g.,distributed over a geographic region. Collecting data from a number oflocations throughout a geographic regions provides, for example,modeling weather based on data collected from a plurality of saiddevices. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the methods comprisepredicting a weather event, e.g., based on the data collected.

Further aspects of the technology relate to systems for measuring aweather-related force applied to a device, the system comprising adevice comprising a drag-generating component and two or more strainsensors, said device configured to output strain measurements from thetwo or more strain sensors to a computer and a computer configuredreceive as input the strain measurements from the two or more strainsensors and calculate a weather-related force applied to a device. Insome embodiments, the systems provided comprise a software component forimplementing an algorithm to receive as inputs the strain measurementsand calculate a force vector describing the weather related forceapplied to the device. And, in some embodiments, systems comprise asoftware component for implementing an algorithm to receive as inputsthe strain measurements and calculate a bending moment of a shaftattached to the drag-generating component of the device. Someembodiments comprise two or more said devices, e.g., embodiments areprovided comprising two or more said devices distributed over ageographic region and in communication with a computer. In someembodiments, the device and the computer are housed in a single unit andin some embodiments the device and the computer are connected by anetwork. Embodiments are provided to collect data for a geographicregion. For example, in some embodiments two or more devices aredistributed over a region having an area of 100 to 100,000 m² (e.g.,100; 200; 300; 400; 500; 600; 700; 800; 900; 1000; 2000; 3000; 4000;5000; 6000; 7000; 8000; 9000; 10,000; 20,000; 30,000; 40,000; 50,000;60,000; 70,000; 80,000; 90,000; or 100,000 m²). In some embodiments, twoor more devices are separated from one another by 10 to 10,000 m (e.g.,10; 20; 30; 40; 50; 60; 70; 80; 90; 100; 200; 300; 400; 500; 600; 700;800; 900; 1000; 2000; 3000; 4000; 5000; 6000; 7000; 8000; 9000; or10,000 m). In some embodiments, two or more devices are separated fromone another by 10 m to 25,000 km and/or are distributed over an areathat is from 10 m² to 520,000,000 km², e.g., the two devices are at anytwo points on the Earth and may be installed on land or at sea.

In addition to uses described herein, exemplary and non-limiting uses ofthe technology include detecting and monitoring cell tower sway,detecting and monitoring earth tremors, detecting and monitoring windturbulence metrics, detecting and monitoring a rain/ice mixture ratio,detecting and monitoring hydrometeor size, detecting and monitoring windswirl, vortex shedding, and/or detecting and monitoring updrafts anddowndrafts. In some embodiments detecting and monitoring updrafts anddowndrafts finds use in thunderstorm tracking.

Accordingly, provided herein is a technology relating to aweather-sensing apparatus comprising a drag-generating component (e.g.,in the shape of a sphere, e.g., made from metal, plastic, etc.); a shaft(e.g., a deformable shaft or a rigid shaft; a hollow cylinder) attachedto the drag-generating component; two or more strain sensors (e.g., loadcells, e.g., each load cell comprising 4 strain gages electricallyconnected in a Wheatstone bridge) attached to the shaft (e.g., 2 strainsensors attached to the shaft, 3 strain sensors attached to the shaft(e.g., 3 strain sensors attached to the shaft and placed at 120°intervals relative to one another), 4 strain sensors attached to theshaft (e.g., 4 strain sensors attached to the shaft and placed at 90°intervals relative to one another), etc.); and a grounded fixture (e.g.,attached to the two or more strain sensors), wherein a force applied tothe drag-generating component produces a strain detected by the two ormore strain sensors.

In some embodiments, the technology relates to a weather-sensingapparatus comprising a drag-generating component (e.g., in the shape ofa sphere, e.g., made from metal, plastic, etc.); a shaft (e.g., adeformable shaft or a rigid shaft; a hollow cylinder) attached to thedrag-generating component; two or more strain sensors (e.g., straingages, semiconductor strain gages, piezo crystals, resistive elements,capacitive elements, inductive elements, acoustic sensors, opticalsensors, and/or load cells (e.g., wherein each load cell comprisesstrain gages (e.g., 2 strain gages, 4 strain gages, etc.) electricallyconnected in a Wheatstone bridge)) attached to the shaft (e.g., 2 strainsensors attached to the shaft, 3 strain sensors attached to the shaft(e.g., 3 strain sensors attached to the shaft and placed at 120°intervals relative to one another), 4 strain sensors attached to theshaft (e.g., 4 strain sensors attached to the shaft and placed at 90°intervals relative to one another), etc.); a grounded fixture (e.g.,attached to the two or more strain sensors); one or more of atemperature sensor, an atmospheric pressure sensor, a humidity sensor, alight sensor, a sound sensor, a proximity sensor, a compass, a snowsensor, a dust sensor, a global positioning satellite chip, a vibrationsensor, or a pollution sensor; one or more of a data transfer component,a data storage component, or a wireless communications component;wherein a force applied to the drag-generating component produces astrain detected by the two or more strain sensors.

Further, the technology provides embodiments of methods for measuring aweather-related force applied to a device by providing a devicecomprising a drag-generating component and two or more strain sensors;obtaining two or more stress measurements from the two or more strainsensors (e.g., by producing an electrical signal proportional to theweather-related force applied to the device); and calculating a vectorfrom the two or more stress measurements (e.g., by calculating a bendingmoment in a shaft attached to the drag-generating component and/or bycalculating a bending moment in a load cell attached to the shaft),wherein the vector describes the weather-related force applied to thedevice.

In some embodiments, the technology provides embodiments of methods formeasuring a weather-related force applied to a device by providing adevice comprising a drag-generating component and two or more strainsensors; obtaining two or more stress measurements from the two or morestrain sensors (e.g., by producing an electrical signal proportional tothe weather-related force applied to the device); calculating a vectorfrom the two or more stress measurements (e.g., by calculating a bendingmoment in a shaft attached to the drag-generating component and/or bycalculating a bending moment in a load cell attached to the shaft),wherein the vector describes the weather-related force applied to thedevice; recording a plurality of vectors as a function of time toproduce a data set; transforming the data set into the frequency domainto identify a high-frequency signal of the data set (e.g., correspondingto impulse hydrometeor events, e.g., to identify hydrometeor events(e.g., impacts)) from a low-frequency signal of the data set (e.g.,corresponding to wind state, e.g., to identify wind speed, direction,etc.); and transmitting data describing one or more vectors.

In some embodiments, the technology provides embodiments of methods formeasuring a weather-related force applied to a device by providing adevice comprising a drag-generating component and two or more strainsensors; obtaining two or more stress measurements from the two or morestrain sensors (e.g., by producing an electrical signal proportional tothe weather-related force applied to the device); calculating a vectorfrom the two or more stress measurements (e.g., by calculating a bendingmoment in a shaft attached to the drag-generating component and/or bycalculating a bending moment in a load cell attached to the shaft),wherein the vector describes the weather-related force applied to thedevice; and obtaining one or more measurements from a temperaturesensor, an atmospheric pressure sensor, a humidity sensor, a lightsensor, a sound sensor, a proximity sensor, a compass, a snow sensor, adust sensor, a global positioning satellite chip, a vibration sensor, ora pollution sensor.

In some embodiments, the technology provides embodiments of methods formeasuring a weather-related force applied to a device by providing aplurality of devices, each device comprising a drag-generating componentand two or more strain sensors; collecting data from the plurality ofsaid devices, e.g., by obtaining two or more stress measurements fromthe two or more strain sensors (e.g., by producing an electrical signalproportional to the weather-related force applied to each of theplurality of devices); and calculating a vector from the two or morestress measurements (e.g., by calculating a bending moment in a shaftattached to the drag-generating component and/or by calculating abending moment in a load cell attached to the shaft), wherein the vectordescribes the weather-related force applied to the device; and modelingweather (e.g., predicting a weather event) based on data collected froma plurality of said devices.

Further embodiments of the technology are related to systems formeasuring a weather-related force applied to a device, the systemcomprising one or more devices (e.g., distributed over a geographicregion, e.g., distributed over a region having an area of 100 to 100,000m²; e.g., separated from one another by 10 to 10,000 m), each of saiddevices comprising a drag-generating component and two or more strainsensors, said device configured to output strain measurements from thetwo or more strain sensors to a computer (e.g., housed with the devicein a single unit and/or connected by a network); a computer configuredreceive as input the strain measurements from the two or more strainsensors and calculate a weather-related force applied to a device; asoftware component for implementing an algorithm to receive as inputsthe strain measurements and calculate a force vector describing theweather related force applied to the device; and a software componentfor implementing an algorithm to receive as inputs the strainmeasurements and calculate a bending moment of a shaft attached to thedrag-generating component of the device and/or to calculate a bendingmoment in a load cell attached to the shaft.

Additional embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in therelevant art based on the teachings contained herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presenttechnology will become better understood with regard to the followingdrawings:

FIG. 1 is a drawing showing graphically a determination of winddirection by an embodiment of the technology comprising four sensors.The drawing shows a cross-sectional top view of an embodiment of thetechnology comprising four strain sensors (shown as approximatelyrectangular features) placed at 90° intervals around the periphery ofthe shaft. The regions of maximum tensile stress, maximum compressivestress, and strain measured by the four strain sensors are indicated forthe particular direction of the incident wind indicated on the drawing.

FIG. 2 shows a graphical representation of the vector model used todetermine the magnitude and direction of a force (e.g., due to windand/or hydrometeors) measured by a device according to the technology.FIG. 2A shows a graphical representation of the vector model in whichthe measured strains at four sensors (Strain 1, Strain 2, Strain 3, andStrain 4) are used to determine a magnitude (|x|) and a direction (α) ofthe force applied to the device, e.g., by a wind or by a hydrometeor;FIG. 2B shows a top view of a 4-sensor embodiment of the device and anexemplary force vector having an angle a determined by the device.

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing showing an embodiment of a deviceaccording to the technology comprising a drag generating component(e.g., a sphere) attached to a shaft (e.g., a cylindrical shaft); andassociated sensor components, electronics, software instructions thatperform algorithms, and components for data storage and data transfer.

FIG. 4 is a drawing showing a side view of an embodiment of a deviceaccording to the technology. The device comprises a drag generatingcomponent (1), a shaft (2), a grounded fixture (3), and two or morestrain or stress sensing devices (4) attached to the shaft.

FIG. 5 shows top cross sectional views of embodiments of the presenttechnology consisting of four strain or stress sensing devices andconsisting of three strain or stress sensing devices. FIG. 5A shows anembodiment consisting of four strain or stress sensing devices (4)attached to the shaft (e.g., a cylindrical shaft) (2) at intervals of90°. FIG. 5B shows an embodiment consisting of three strain or stresssensing devices (4) attached to the shaft (e.g., a cylindrical shaft)(2) at intervals of 120°.

FIG. 6 shows an example of data collected by the technology providedherein. FIG. 6A shows exemplary data in which high-frequency signals(e.g., produced by hydrometeor impacts) are superimposed on alow-frequency signal (e.g., produced by wind). In the data set, theabscissa is related to the time elapsed relative to initiating datacollection and the ordinate is related to the force data applied to thedevice. FIG. 6B is a plot of experimental data that show wind data and adetected impact event.

FIG. 7 shows experimental data acquired by a device embodiment accordingto the technology described herein.

FIG. 8 is a drawing of an embodiment of a device comprising load cells.FIG. 8A shows an embodiment of the device comprising three load cellsattached to a shaft and a grounded fixture. FIG. 8B shows an exemplarybending moment produced in the shaft by a force and the resultantbending moment produced in an attached load cell. Numerals 1, 2, 3, and4 indicate exemplary locations for strain gages, e.g., to monitorbending strain and moments in the load cell. FIG. 8C is a drawing of anexemplary embodiment of a load cell comprising a hole (3) and one ormore strain gages (4). FIG. 8D is a drawing showing an exemplaryplacement of strain gages (indicated with numerals 1, 2, 3, and 4) onthe top and bottom of the load cell and in which drawing the load cellexperiences an exemplary bending moment detected by the strain gages.Slanted hash lines indicate a grounded fixture. FIG. 8E is a schematicdrawing of a load cell showing dimensions of the load cell used tocalculate bending stresses, strains, and moments, e.g., by equations 2and 3.

FIG. 9 is a circuit drawing for a full Wheatstone bridge comprising theinputs from four strain gages labeled with numerals 1, 2, 3, and 4 inFIG. 8B and in FIG. 8D.

FIG. 10A is a drawing that shows an exemplary arrangement of load cellsin an embodiment of the device provided herein. The force cause by awind (F_(wind)) produces three moments in the three load cells, whichare represented as vectors in FIG. 10B and added to determine theresultant moment (M_(resultant)) produced in the device by the windforce.

FIG. 11 is a drawing that shows an exemplary arrangement of load cellsin a device provided herein.

It is to be understood that the figures are not necessarily drawn toscale, nor are the objects in the figures necessarily drawn to scale inrelationship to one another. The figures are depictions that areintended to bring clarity and understanding to various embodiments ofapparatuses, systems, and methods disclosed herein. Wherever possible,the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to referto the same or like parts. Moreover, it should be appreciated that thedrawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings inany way.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein is technology for collecting environmental data,atmospheric data, weather data, and other types of data. The technologyprovides embodiments of apparatuses (devices), methods, and systems forcollecting weather data, processing weather data, modeling weather data,and presenting weather data. In some embodiments, two or more devicesaccording to the technology are distributed over a geographic region tocollect weather data at multiple points in the geographic region.Embodiments of the technology are discussed below. In the descriptionthat follows, the section headings used herein are for organizationalpurposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the describedsubject matter in any way.

The technology provides advantages relative to conventional technology.For example, the devices and systems are sensitive, easy to install, andhave a simple robust design with no moving parts. The technologyprovides sensitive data about hydrometeor impact strength and directionand, in some embodiments, data for other weather parameters such astemperature, humidity, pressure, and magnetic compass readings.Embodiments of the technology provide wireless data transfer and someembodiments provide wired data transfer. In some embodiments, thedevices are linked in a micro-grid for short-term predictive forecasts.

In this detailed description of the various embodiments, for purposes ofexplanation, numerous specific details are set forth to provide athorough understanding of the embodiments disclosed. One skilled in theart will appreciate, however, that these various embodiments may bepracticed with or without these specific details. In other instances,structures and devices are shown in block diagram form. Furthermore, oneskilled in the art can readily appreciate that the specific sequences inwhich methods are presented and performed are illustrative and it iscontemplated that the sequences can be varied and still remain withinthe spirit and scope of the various embodiments disclosed herein.

All literature and similar materials cited in this application,including but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles,books, treatises, and internet web pages are expressly incorporated byreference in their entirety for any purpose. Unless defined otherwise,all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning asis commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which thevarious embodiments described herein belongs. When definitions of termsin incorporated references appear to differ from the definitionsprovided in the present teachings, the definition provided in thepresent teachings shall control.

Definitions

To facilitate an understanding of the present technology, a number ofterms and phrases are defined below. Additional definitions are setforth throughout the detailed description.

Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take themeanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. The phrase “in one embodiment” as used herein doesnot necessarily refer to the same embodiment, though it may.Furthermore, the phrase “in another embodiment” as used herein does notnecessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. Thus, asdescribed below, various embodiments of the invention may be readilycombined, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.

In addition, as used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” operatorand is equivalent to the term “and/or” unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive and allows forbeing based on additional factors not described, unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification,the meaning of “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references. Themeaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.”

As used herein, the term “weather data”, “weather events”, and “weatherphenomenon” refer to wind and hydrometeor impacts incident onembodiments of the devices described herein, but is not limited to windand hydrometeor impacts and thus includes other weather-related forcesand phenomena.

As used herein, “deformable” refers to an object or a material thatchanges in shape or size due to an applied force and “rigid” refers toan object or a material that does not change in shape or size due to asimilar applied force. While it is understood that all objects andmaterials are, to some degree, deformable, it is to be understood that adeformable material changes more in response to an applied forcerelative to a rigid material in response to a similar applied force,e.g., as a function of the modulus of elasticity for the materials. Asused herein, a deformable material changes shape or size such that thechange is detectable (e.g., by a strain gage, load cell, or othersensor) and a rigid material does not experience a change that issubstantial enough to be detectable, e.g., by a load cell, strain gage,or other sensor, e.g., for the models described herein and aspects ofthe technology provided herein.

Embodiments of the Technology 1. Devices

In some embodiments, the technology provides a sensing device, e.g., tosense, measure, and/or collect weather data, atmospheric data,environmental data, etc., such as wind speed and/or direction;hydrometeor size, volume, etc.; and/or hydrometeor impact speed,direction, rate, number, etc. As shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, exemplaryembodiments of a device according to the technology comprise a draggenerating component (1) attached to a shaft (2) to sense weatherrelated phenomena. Furthermore, the shaft (2) is attached to a groundedfixture (3) to allow for weather related phenomena to influence the draggenerating component (1) and produce a strain within the shaft material(2). The strain produced on the shaft (2) is sensed by two or morestrain or stress sensing devices (4) attached to the shaft (2).

The technology is not limited in the shape of the drag generatingcomponent. In some embodiments, the drag generating component is asphere. In some embodiments, the drag generating component is spheroid,ellipsoid, cylindrical, or polyhedral. In some embodiments, the shaftattached to the drag generating component is a cylinder. In someembodiments, the diameter of the sphere is from about 5 to about 12inches in diameter.

In some embodiments, the shaft (2) is a deformable structure and thedrag generating component (1), the interface connecting the draggenerating component (1) with the shaft (2), and the grounded fixture(3) (indicated by slanted hashing) are rigid structures. Accordingly, insome embodiments, the shaft (2) and the stress sensing devices (4) bothexperience a stress or strain, e.g., a deformation (e.g., bending)produced in the shaft (2) is transmitted to the stress sensing devices(4).

In some embodiments, the shaft (2) is also a rigid structure (see, e.g.,FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B). In some embodiments, the shaft (2) is rigid anddoes not experience deformations (e.g., the shaft does not experiencesubstantial deformations, e.g., any deformations in the shaft are smalland are not relevant for the models and devices provided herein) butinduces stress and/or strain in the stress sensing devices (4) (e.g.,(4A), (4B), and (4C)). For example, as shown in FIG. 8A, in someembodiments the (rigid) shaft (2) is attached by one or more stresssensing devices (4A), (4B), (4C) to a rigid grounded fixture (3)(indicated by slanted hashing). Accordingly, in some embodiments, theshaft is made from a rigid material (e.g., stainless steel, etc.) thatis minimally deformable, essentially or substantially not deformable, ornot deformable and the stress sensing devices are sensitive to thebending stress.

In some embodiments, the shaft is attached to a rigid grounded fixtureby one or more guy wires and one or more strain sensors in line with theone or more guy wires. In such an embodiment, the guy wires arepreloaded with stress and forces on the shaft are detected by the strainsensors. In some embodiments, the shaft is attached to a rigid groundedstructure by a rotating hinge.

In some embodiments, the strain or stress sensing devices are, e.g.,strain gages, semiconductor strain gages, piezo crystals, resistiveelements, capacitive elements, inductive elements, acoustic sensors,optical sensors, load cells, or the like. The stress or strain detectedby each strain or stress sensing device is converted to an electricalsignal, e.g., a voltage, a current, a resistance, etc., by theelectronic components of the device (e.g., see FIG. 3). In someembodiments, the analog signal is further converted into a digitalsignal, e.g., by an analog/digital (A/D) converter. The strain sensingdevices (4) produce data that are input into an algorithm or model fordetermining the magnitude and/or direction vector of the weather relatedphenomena detected by the device. In particular, the relative strains oneach strain or stress sensing device are used to calculate the magnitudeand/or direction vector of the weather related phenomena detected by thedevice. In some embodiments, the vector is determined in atwo-dimensional coordinate system; in some embodiments, the vector isdetermined in a three-dimensional coordinate system. In someembodiments, the sensors reside within the coordinate system in whichthe vector is determined. In some embodiments, the sensors are used toestablish the coordinate system used to determine the vector intwo-dimensions or three-dimensions.

In some embodiments, one or more of the strain or stress sensing devicesis a load cell (e.g., a bending beam load cell; see, e.g., FIG. 8). Loadcells are widely used off-the-shelf components and are availablecommercially (e.g., from HBM, Inc., Marlborough, Mass.). Load cellscomprise one or more strain gages (see, e.g., (4) in FIG. 8C andfeatures marked with numerals 1, 2, 3, and 4 in FIG. 8B and FIG. 8D)and, in some embodiments, comprise a hole or a cutout (see (3) in FIGS.8C and 8D; see FIG. 8E). In some embodiments the (rigid) shaft isattached by one or more load cells to a rigid grounded fixture. Thedeformation induced in the load cells by a force applied to the draggenerating component depends on the material from which the load cellsare made. The rigidity of any given material scales the overalldeformation induced in the load cells and the technology encompassesembodiments comprising load cells made from any suitable material.Accordingly, the load cells are sensitive to the bending stress. In someembodiments, the load cells are made from aluminum or another materialthat is less rigid than the material from which the rigid shaft is madeand/or less rigid that the material from which the rigid groundedfixture is made.

In some embodiments, one or more load cells comprise a Wheatstone bridge(e.g., a full Wheatstone bridge) (see FIG. 9). In some embodiments, theload cells comprise a design and/or construction that impart in the loadcells the ability to sense stress and/or strain.

In some embodiments, the load cells are designed to be sensitive only tobending moments along their longitudinal axis (see the broad arrow (1)in FIG. 8C). In some embodiments, a load cell comprises one or moreholes or cutouts, e.g., perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of theload cell (see (3) in FIG. 8C; see FIG. 8E). In particular embodiments,each load cell comprises a full Wheatstone bridge (see FIG. 9)comprising four strain gages (see, e.g., (4) in FIG. 8C)—two on the topand two on the bottom (see FIG. 8B, FIG. 8C, and FIG. 9). In theembodiment shown in FIG. 8B and FIG. 8D, the top of the load cellcomprises two strain gages (1) and (2) and the bottom comprises twostrain gages (3) and (4). The Wheatstone bridge (e.g., shown in FIG. 9)comprises the top two strain gages (1 and 2) and the bottom two straingages (3 and 4) to provide a signal of strain and/or stress on the loadcell. Accordingly, this arrangement of the individual strain gages inthe Wheatstone bridge makes the load cell to be sensitive to bendingmoments. Conversely, the load cell is insensitive to torsional momentsaround the longitudinal axis (see the broad arrow (2) in FIG. 8C) and isinsensitive to forces directed along the longitudinal axis. Inparticular embodiments of the load cells, the strain gages are arrangedin a “double hinge” configuration.

However, it is to be understood that the technology is not limited tothe exact configuration of the load cell. There are numerous differentways to position the load cells and provide a hole in the beam to obtainthe desired strain characteristics. In some embodiments, a load cell isused to measure torsion around the longitudinal axis and/or a forceapplied along the longitudinal axis. In some embodiments, load cells aresensitive to longitudinal loading and are mounted vertically. In someembodiments, load cells are sensitive to torsional loading and aremounted underneath the shaft or on the periphery of the shaft, e.g., tomeasure forces inducing a twist in the shaft. In some embodiments, aload cell is mounted on the middle of the shaft. In some embodiments, aload cell is mounted directly to the drag generating component, e.g., toprovide embodiments of the device that do not comprise a shaft. In someembodiments, a load cell is protected from the environment (e.g., toprevent exposure to cold, water, sun, dust, etc.). Accordingly, in someembodiments, the load cells or strain gages are protected with aprotective weatherized coating. In some embodiments, the coatingprotects each strain gage individually and in some embodiments thecoating encompasses and protects the entire arrangement of load cells.In some embodiments, the device comprises a radiation shield to protectthe device and its components from the sun. In some embodiments, thecoating is a watertight seal. In some embodiments, the protectiveenclosure and/or coating affects the drag force in a known way and/oralters the signal of the sensors in a known way, and thus propercorrections are made in calculating the magnitudes and angles of forcesand moments.

In the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 8A, the three load cells(4A), (4B), and (4C) connect the shaft to the rigid grounded fixture(3). When a force is applied to the drag generating component (1) andthus to the shaft (2), a bending moment is induced in the shaft (see,e.g., clockwise bending moment M depicted in FIG. 8B) and the load cellscollectively impart a counteracting bending moment (see, e.g.,anticlockwise bending moment M depicted in FIG. 8B) equal to the bendingmoment produced in the drag generating component (1) and in the shaft(2) by the weather phenomenon (e.g., wind, rain, hail, etc.) (see, e.g.,FIG. 8B and FIG. 8D).

For example, when a force is applied to the drag generating component(1) and to the shaft (2) by weather phenomena (e.g., wind, rain, hail,etc.), the load cells (4A) and (4B) will both counteract (e.g., with ananticlockwise bending moment M; see, e.g., FIG. 8B) a clockwise bendingmoment (see, e.g., FIG. 8B) by imparting a downward (pulling) force (Fwith down arrow in FIG. 8A) or upward (pushing) force (F with up arrowin FIG. 8A), respectively. These forces are equal if the acting momentis directly perpendicular to load cell (4C). The technology is notlimited by this particular example, and indeed the technology isapplicable to forces impacting the drag generating component from anydirection. Thus, any bending moment will result in a combination offorces sensed by the three load cells. The signals are analyzed (e.g.,by vector mathematics) to determine the force experienced by the draggenerating component. For example, in this exemplary embodiment, theseindividual forces impart a bending moment of their own on eachindividual load cell (see, e.g., FIG. 8B and FIG. 8D), producing threesignals. In FIG. 10A, the F_(wind) force produces bending moments ineach of the three load cells, shown as the exemplary moment vectors inFIG. 10B. Vector addition analysis produces the resultant momentM_(resultant) in FIG. 10B.

The technology is applicable to devices comprising any number of strainsensing devices (e.g., load cells). In some embodiments, the analysiscomprises calculating the force on the drag generating component (1),e.g., by adding the forces (e.g., as represented by force vectors)experienced by the strain sensing devices. In an exemplary embodiment(see, e.g., FIG. 8, FIG. 10, FIG. 11), three force vectors are added todetermine the force (e.g., magnitude and angle) imparted on the draggenerating component (e.g., F_(wind); see, e.g., FIG. 10).

In some embodiments, the bending moments imparted by the load cells onthe shaft can be added in a vector form by knowing the magnitude andpolarity of each load cell output. A positive load cell output isdefined as an upward force imparted from the load cell on the shaft,creating a counter clockwise rotation of the shaft and ball. The vectorscan be added together to obtain a resultant moment (see FIG. 10B,M_(resultant)), which is the moment imparted by the drag force (see FIG.10A, F_(wind)) and the shaft length. Once the resultant is found,magnitude and direction information can be extracted (see, e.g., FIG.10). In the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 10, the angle andmagnitude of the moment imparted by the drag force are calculatedaccording to:

$\begin{matrix}{{M_{resultant}} = \sqrt{M_{{resultant},y}^{2} + M_{{resultant},x}^{2}}} & (11) \\{{{\angle M}_{resultant} = {{arc}\; {\tan \left( \frac{M_{{resultant},y}}{M_{{resultant},x}} \right)}}},{{{for}\mspace{14mu} M_{{resultant},x}} > 0}} & \left( {12a} \right) \\{{{\angle M}_{resultant} = {{180{^\circ}} - {{arc}\; {\tan \left( {- \frac{M_{{resultant},y}}{M_{{resultant},x}}} \right)}}}},{{{for}\mspace{14mu} M_{{resultant},x}} < 0}} & \left( {12b} \right)\end{matrix}$

where |M_(resultant)| is the magnitude of the resultant moment,M_(resultant,y) is the y-component of the magnitude of the resultantmoment, M_(resultant,x) is the x-component of the magnitude of theresultant moment, and ∠M_(resultant) is the angle of the resultantmoment.

Accordingly, the analysis provides for determining the contribution ofeach of these forces, e.g., by splitting a bending moment into balancingmoments in the y direction and in the x direction, with the length ofthe moment arm providing a measure of the distance of each force to thebending moment's neutral axis:

ΣM _(x) =F _(wind,x)*arm=F _(load1) r−F _(load2) cos(60°)r−F _(load3)cos(60°)r   (13a)

ΣM _(y) =F _(wind,y)*arm=−F _(load2) sin(60°)r+F _(load3) sin(60°)r  (13b)

where M_(x) and M_(y) are the x-component and the y-component of theresultant moment, respectively; F_(wind,x) and F_(wind,y) are thex-component and the y-component of the wind force vector, respectively;arm is the moment arm (e.g., the distance from the drag force to thestrain sensors); r is the distance from the center of the shaft to theforce imparted from the shaft/load cell interface, idealized as a pointforce; and F_(load1), F_(load2), and F_(load3) are the forces impartedby each of the load cells on the shaft, respectively.

In some embodiments, the analysis of three force vectors derived fromthe signals produced from three strain sensing devices is based on aphysical model of forces that simplifies some mechanical complexities ofthe design. For example, in some embodiments, the analysis assumes thatthe strain gages impart a point force on the shaft though, in someembodiments, the strain gage mounting to the under surface of the pipecomprises two flat faces. Similarly, in some embodiments, the analysisassumes that the flat faces of the strain gages do not locally deformunder any loading condition. In some embodiments, the analysis comprisesa finite element approach, e.g., to provide additional accuracy to theanalysis.

In some embodiments, the strain sensing devices (e.g., one or more loadcells) measure the relative tilt of the strained drag generatingcomponent. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the strain sensing devices(e.g., one or more load cells) and/or shaft measure a vibrationfrequency of the drag generating component. Some embodiments providethat the drag generating component has an aerodynamic drag generatingshape such as a plate, rain drop, or comprises a component shaped as awind sock or parachute shape. In some embodiments, the drag generatingcomponent has a cross-section shaped like an airfoil, e.g., like anairplane wing.

In some embodiments the device is oriented with the grounded fixturenearer the ground than the drag generating device. The orientation ofthe device is not limited to this particular orientation. The device maybe mounted or fixed in any orientation. For example, in some embodimentsthe device is oriented upside down, e.g., with the drag generatingdevice nearer the ground than the grounded fixture.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a “span” resistor (R_(span))in series with a Wheatstone bridge to provide for temperaturecorrection:

In particular, the span resistor provides temperature compensation byusing either a series resistor with constant voltage excitation or ashunt resistor with constant current excitation to compensate fortemperature variation. In some embodiments, compensation is provided bya span resistor and adjustment of the input voltage, e.g., resulting ina Wheatstone bridge output voltage that is insensitive to temperaturechanges. Input voltage adjustment can be determined, e.g., by testingthe device over the temperature and load ranges the device willexperience. For example, compensation for temperature variationcomprises use of a test device:

Bridge input impedance R_(BL), bridge output voltage at zero appliedstrain V_(ZL), and bridge output voltage at full applied strain V_(FL)are recorded at the low and high temperatures delimiting the range oftemperatures in which the device is used (e.g., the range over whichtemperature correction is desired).

Then, using these values and V_(NL)=V_(FL)−V_(ZL), the span resistor isdetermined by equation 14a and the adjusted input voltage is calculatedby equation 14b that provides the desired output compensation.

$\begin{matrix}{R_{Span} = \frac{R_{BL}{R_{BH}\left( {V_{NL} - V_{NH}} \right)}}{\left( {{R_{BH}V_{NH}} - {R_{BL}V_{NL}}} \right.}} & \left( {14a} \right) \\{V_{In} = \frac{V_{NS}{V_{T}\left( {R_{BL} + R_{Span}} \right)}}{V_{NL}R_{BL}}} & \left( {14b} \right)\end{matrix}$

In some embodiments, the device comprises a power supply such as abattery, solar cell, wind generator, radioactive source, etc. or issupplied by an external source of alternating or direct current. In someembodiments, the device comprises an indicator such as a light (e.g., anLED) that provides information about the status of the device to a user(e.g., to show that the device is working properly, to show the statusof a battery charge, to show that the device is in or has experienced afailure mode, etc.)

In some embodiments, the device comprises a snow sensor. In someembodiments, the device described herein provides snow sensingtechnology and in some embodiments a snow sensor is a component inaddition to the device technology provided herein.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a processor, e.g., forexecuting computer-executable program instructions (e.g., stored in amemory) to perform steps of an algorithm, calculate a mathematicalmodel, process data, filter data, control electronic circuits, controlsensors, and/or to manage data storage and/or data transfer. Exemplaryprocessors include, e.g., a microprocessor, an ASIC, and a state machineand can be any of a number of computer processors. Such processorsinclude, or may be in communication with, media, for examplecomputer-readable media, which stores instructions that, when executedby the processor, cause the processor to perform steps described herein.In some embodiments, the microprocessor is configured to performinstructions encoded in software.

2. Methods

The technology comprises methods for determining the magnitude and/ordirection of a force applied to a device according to the technology bymeasuring the strain or stress at two or more strain or stress sensors.For example, method embodiments comprise steps such as obtaining two ormore stress or strain measurements from two or more strain or stresssensors, inputting the two or more strain or stress measurements into amodel or algorithm for calculating a force vector, calculating the forcevector, and outputting a force vector. Some embodiments comprisecalculating and/or modeling steps that calculate a drag force and/or abending stress or strain caused by a bending moment, e.g., by providingempirical or other parameters to one or more of Equations 1-14 andcalculating and displaying a result. In some embodiments, the methodscomprise measuring a bending stress at two or more strain sensorsattached to a shaft, inputting the two or more bending stresses into avector model to determine a bending moment in the shaft, and using thebending moment of the shaft to calculate a drag force vector (e.g.,consisting of a force magnitude and a force direction) experienced by adrag generating device attached to the shaft, e.g., from the force of awind or a hydrometeor impact on the drag generating device. Someembodiments relate to monitoring and measuring torsional stresses in theshaft attached to the sphere.

In some embodiments, methods comprise recording a series of drag forcevectors as a function of time. In some embodiments, the device issubject to multiple types and/or sources of forces, e.g., sometimessimultaneously and sometimes periodically throughout a time that saidforces are measured. For example, forces on the device caused by windand by hydrometeor impacts produce low-frequency signals andhigh-frequency signals, respectively, data comprising force measurementsrecorded as a function of the time domain. Accordingly, in someembodiments, methods relate to discriminating low-frequency phenomena(e.g., such as wind) from high-frequency phenomena (e.g., such ashydrometeor impacts) recorded by the devices of the technology. Inparticular, these methods comprise deconvoluting the high-frequency andlow-frequency components of the force frequency signal, e.g., themethods comprise frequency domain analysis wherein low-frequency datadescribe wind state, while deconvoluting the output with its transferfunction derives the input impulse train (e.g., associated withhydrometeor events). In an exemplary embodiment, the force frequencysignal is modeled as a linear combination of a low-frequency signal anda high-frequency signal (e.g., the result of adding the high-frequencysignal to the low-frequency signal). In some embodiments, other forms ofsignal processing are applied to the force frequency signal such asFourier transform analysis, filtering methods (e.g., low-pass filtering,high-pass filtering, band-pass filtering), peak fitting, backgroundcorrection, smoothing, etc.

For example, in some embodiments the methods comprise filtering noisefrom the measurements. For example, in some embodiments, the straincreates a voltage that is indirectly read by an onboard microprocessor.Where the voltage may have a small amount of noise in its readings,embodiments comprise using an algorithm (e.g., as performed byinstructions provided to the microprocessor) to smooth noise, e.g., by aprocess called moving triangle averaging. The triangle moving average isan average that is weighted with weights that rise from the most recentsample towards the farthest sample. The weighting function is a trianglethat moves as the moving average moves. The triangle is k units wide andits height is 2/k units so that the area of the triangle is 1. Thisgives the last historical values a higher weight and old values a lowerweight. In this exemplary method, a weight is given to readings thatoccur before and after the instant reading, the readings are summed, andthe summation is divided by the total weight, e.g., as shown in thefollowing equation:

$\begin{matrix}{V = \frac{\begin{matrix}{{V_{i - n}(1)} + \ldots + {V_{i - 1}\left( {n - 1} \right)} +} \\{{V_{i}n} + {V_{i + 1}\left( {n - 1} \right)} + \ldots + {V_{i + n}(1)}}\end{matrix}}{1 + \ldots + \left( {n - 1} \right) + n + \left( {n - 1} \right) + {\ldots (1)}}} & (15)\end{matrix}$

where V is the resulting smoothed voltage, V_(i) is the current (e.g.,present or instant) voltage, V_(i−n) is a voltage reading n readingsbefore the current reading, and V_(i+n) is a voltage reading n readingsafter the current (e.g., present or instant) voltage.

3. Systems

In another aspect, the technology relates to systems comprisingembodiments of the devices described herein. Exemplary embodiments of asystem comprise a weather-sensing device as described herein and acomputer in communication with the device. In some embodiments, thesystem comprises a second device as described herein in communicationwith the first device and/or in communication with the computer. Thesystems furthermore comprise in some embodiments a software componentfor implementing algorithms and models used to calculate a force vectorof a force applied to the device by a weather phenomenon and to modelweather patterns based on the data collected from two or more devicesinstalled throughout a geographic region. In some embodiments, one ormore of the devices comprise a software component to calculate a forcevector of a force applied to the device by a weather phenomenon and insome embodiments the stress sensor data is transmitted to a computerthat comprises the software component to calculate a force vector of aforce applied to the device by a weather phenomenon.

In some embodiments, a computer collects data from multiple devices andcomprises a software component to model weather patterns based on thedata collected from two or more devices installed throughout ageographic region. In some embodiments, the software component predictsfuture weather events. In some embodiments, the systems further comprisean alerting component that issues an alert to a user or to anotherentity, e.g., for an action to be taken that is appropriate for thepredicted weather events. System embodiments are implemented, forexample, in a network of devices and, in some embodiments, computers. Ageographic area may be covered by a network or “micro-grid” of thedevices in communication with each other and, in some embodiments, acomputer (e.g., a data server) to analyze the data from multiple devices(e.g., apply a statistical analysis of the data). In some embodimentsthe systems provide a historical record, provide real-time monitoring,and/or provide predictions of weather events such as storms,temperature, front movements, rain, snow, pressure systems, wind speed,wind direction, ultraviolet radiation, heat index, air quality,dewpoint, ambient noise, etc.

4. Computer Systems and Hardware

In some embodiments, the devices, methods, and systems described hereinare associated with a programmable machine designed to perform asequence of arithmetic or logical operations as provided by the methodsdescribed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the device comprisesthe sensor circuit (e.g., a Wheatstone bridge), an amplifier, and analogto digital converter, and a microprocessor:

For example, some embodiments of the technology are associated with(e.g., implemented in) computer software and/or computer hardware. Inone aspect, the technology relates to a computer comprising a form ofmemory, an element for performing arithmetic and logical operations, anda processing element (e.g., a microprocessor) for executing a series ofinstructions (e.g., a method as provided herein) to read, manipulate,and store data. In some embodiments, a microprocessor is part of asystem for collecting strain data, calculating force vectors, and/ormodeling weather data. Some embodiments comprise a storage medium andmemory components. Memory components (e.g., volatile and/or nonvolatilememory) find use in storing instructions (e.g., an embodiment of aprocess as provided herein) and/or data (e.g., a work piece such asstrain measurements and/or force vectors and/or a time series of forcevectors). Some embodiments relate to systems also comprising one or moreof a CPU, a graphics card, and a user interface (e.g., comprising anoutput device such as display and an input device such as a keyboard).

Programmable machines associated with the technology compriseconventional extant technologies and technologies in development or yetto be developed (e.g., a quantum computer, a chemical computer, a DNAcomputer, an optical computer, a spintronics based computer, etc.).

In some embodiments, the technology comprises a wired (e.g., metalliccable, fiber optic) or wireless transmission medium for transmittingdata. For example, some embodiments relate to data transmission over anetwork (e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), anad-hoc network, the Internet, etc.). In some embodiments, programmablemachines are present on such a network as peers and in some embodimentsthe programmable machines have a client/server relationship.

In some embodiments, data are stored on a computer-readable storagemedium such as a hard disk, flash memory, optical media, a floppy disk,etc.

In some embodiments, the technology provided herein is associated with aplurality of programmable devices that operate in concert to perform amethod as described herein. For example, in some embodiments, aplurality of computers (e.g., connected by a network) may work inparallel to collect and process data, e.g., in an implementation ofcluster computing or grid computing or some other distributed computerarchitecture that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs,storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to anetwork (private, public, or the internet) by a conventional networkinterface, such as Ethernet, fiber optic, or by a wireless networktechnology.

For example, some embodiments provide a computer that includes acomputer-readable medium. The embodiment includes a random access memory(RAM) coupled to a processor. The processor executes computer-executableprogram instructions stored in memory. Such processors may include amicroprocessor, an ASIC, a state machine, or other processor, and can beany of a number of computer processors, such as processors from IntelCorporation of Santa Clara, Calif. and Motorola Corporation ofSchaumburg, Ill. Such processors include, or may be in communicationwith, media, for example computer-readable media, which storesinstructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processorto perform the steps described herein.

Embodiments of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to,an electronic, optical, magnetic, or other storage or transmissiondevice capable of providing a processor with computer-readableinstructions. Other examples of suitable media include, but are notlimited to, a floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD, magnetic disk, memory chip, ROM,RAM, an ASIC, a configured processor, all optical media, all magnetictape or other magnetic media, or any other medium from which a computerprocessor can read instructions. Also, various other forms ofcomputer-readable media may transmit or carry instructions to acomputer, including a router, private or public network, or othertransmission device or channel, both wired and wireless. Theinstructions may comprise code from any suitable computer-programminglanguage, including, for example, C, C++, C#, Visual Basic, Java,Python, Perl, and JavaScript.

Computers are connected in some embodiments to a network. Computers mayalso include a number of external or internal devices such as a mouse, aCD-ROM, DVD, a keyboard, a display, or other input or output devices.Examples of computers are personal computers, digital assistants,personal digital assistants, cellular phones, mobile phones, smartphones, pagers, digital tablets, laptop computers, internet appliances,and other processor-based devices. In general, the computers related toaspects of the technology provided herein may be any type ofprocessor-based platform that operates on any operating system, such asMicrosoft Windows, Linux, UNIX, Mac OS X, etc., capable of supportingone or more programs comprising the technology provided herein. Someembodiments comprise a personal computer executing other applicationprograms (e.g., applications). The applications can be contained inmemory and can include, for example, a word processing application, aspreadsheet application, an email application, an instant messengerapplication, a presentation application, an Internet browserapplication, a calendar/organizer application, and any other applicationcapable of being executed by a client device.

All such components, computers, and systems described herein asassociated with the technology may be logical or virtual.

In some embodiments, a computer or system provides diagnosticinformation about one or more weather sensing devices provided herein.For example, in some embodiments, a device, collection of devices,and/or system is able to self-check and/or report problems to a user. Insome embodiments, a computer or system provides automatic calibration ofa device, system, or collection of devices.

Although the disclosure herein refers to certain illustratedembodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are presentedby way of example and not by way of limitation.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Data Collection and Discrimination of Impacts fromWind

During the development of embodiments of the technology provided herein,experiments were conducted to collect wind speed and impact data fromthe environment (see FIG. 6B). The data in this example were takenoutside with a strain sensor device as described herein. Two channels ofvoltage data were collected (FIG. 6B, upper and lower traces). TheX-axis shows the time in seconds and the Y-axis shows the voltagerecorded by the device. The data shown in FIG. 6B show a low-frequencysignal associated with wind speed and a clear instance of particleimpact that is shown in the data as a sharp peak in the voltage atapproximately 4000 seconds. These data demonstrate the experimentaldifferentiation of wind speed from impacts in data acquired by a deviceaccording to the technology.

Example 2 Field Testing a Device Embodiment

During the development of embodiments of the technology provided herein,a device embodiment was used to collect wind speed data. The data inthis example were taken outside with a strain sensor device as describedherein. Control measurements were taken with a conventionalpropeller-based wind speed meter (a Kestrel 4000NV) attached to a windvane and mounted on a tri-pod. These devices were placed 5 feet apartand data were collected over the course of 48 hours.

The data shown in FIG. 7 are taken from a one-minute snap shot. TheX-axis shows the time in seconds and the Y-axis shows the voltage (in100 mV increments) and wind speed in miles per hour (MPH). The Kestreltook measurements every 2 seconds (upper dashed line) and the embodimentof the strain device took voltage measurements 100 times a second (lowerdotted line) and converted the measurements internally to produce a MPHreading (upper solid line). The chart shows that embodiment of thestrain device is more responsive than the conventional technology (e.g.,more readings per time unit) and provides comparable wind speed data asthe conventional wind measurement device. Accordingly, the embodiment ofthe device tested provides higher resolution data (e.g., in the timedomain) and will record events that the conventional technology maymiss. For example, the conventional technology will not record certaindetails in wind variation that occur on the order of one or two seconds.Moreover, the conventional technology is less accurate due to recordingwind speed based on a propeller measurement because a propeller takesseveral seconds to change speed, e.g., after a wind ceases, in responseto a change in wind speed.

All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification areherein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.Various modifications and variations of the described compositions,methods, systems, and uses of the technology will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of thetechnology as described. Although the technology has been described inconnection with specific exemplary embodiments, it should be understoodthat the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to suchspecific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the describedmodes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to those skilledin related fields are intended to be within the scope of the followingclaims.

1-46. (canceled)
 47. A weather-sensing apparatus comprising: a) adrag-generating component; and b) two or more strain sensors, wherein aforce applied to the drag-generating component produces a straindetected by the two or more strain sensors.
 48. The weather-sensingapparatus of claim 47 further comprising a shaft attached to thedrag-generating component.
 49. The weather-sensing apparatus of claim 48wherein the shaft is attached to the two or more strain sensors.
 50. Theweather-sensing apparatus of claim 47 wherein the two or more strainsensors are attached to a grounded fixture.
 51. The weather-sensingapparatus of claim 47 consisting of 3 or 4 strain sensors.
 52. Theweather-sensing apparatus of claim 47 consisting of 4 strain sensorsplaced at 90° intervals relative to one another or 3 strain sensorsplaced at 120° intervals relative to one another.
 53. Theweather-sensing apparatus of claim 47 wherein the two or more strainsensors are connected electrically by a Wheatstone bridge.
 54. Theweather-sensing apparatus of claim 47 comprising: a) a first strainsensor and a second strain sensor arranged opposite each other andconnected electrically in a first Wheatstone bridge; and b) a thirdstrain sensor and a fourth strain sensor arranged opposite each otherand connected electrically in a second Wheatstone bridge.
 55. Theweather-sensing apparatus of claim 47 wherein one or more of the strainsensors is a load cell.
 56. The weather-sensing apparatus of claim 55wherein the load cell comprises four strain gages electrically connectedin a Wheatstone bridge.
 57. The weather-sensing apparatus of claim 47further comprising an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, anatmospheric pressure sensor, a humidity sensor, a light sensor, a soundsensor, a proximity sensor, a compass, a snow sensor, a dust sensor, aglobal positioning satellite chip, a vibration sensor, a pollutionsensor, a data transfer component, a data storage component, and/or awireless communications component.
 58. The weather-sensing apparatus ofclaim 47 wherein the two or more strain sensors are a sensor selectedfrom the group consisting of strain gages, semiconductor strain gages,piezo crystals, resistive elements, capacitive elements, inductiveelements, acoustic sensors, and optical sensors.
 59. A method formeasuring a weather-related force applied to a device, the methodcomprising: a) providing a device comprising a drag-generating componentand two or more strain sensors; b) obtaining two or more stressmeasurements from the two or more strain sensors; and c) calculating avector from the two or more stress measurements, wherein the vectordescribes the weather-related force applied to the device.
 60. Themethod of claim 59 further comprising calculating a bending moment in ashaft attached to the drag-generating component or calculating a bendingmoment in a load cell attached to the shaft.
 61. The method of claim 59further recording a plurality of vectors as a function of time toproduce a data set.
 62. The method of claim 61 further comprisingperforming frequency analysis on the data set to identify low-frequencydata associated with wind state and to identify impulse data associatedwith hydrometeor events.
 63. The method of claim 59 further comprisingobtaining a measurement from a temperature sensor, an atmosphericpressure sensor, a humidity sensor, a light sensor, a sound sensor, aproximity sensor, a compass, a snow sensor, a dust sensor, a globalpositioning satellite chip, a vibration sensor, or a pollution sensor.64. The method of claim 59 further comprising collecting data from aplurality of said devices, modeling weather based on data collected froma plurality of said devices, and/or predicting a weather event.
 65. Asystem for measuring a weather-related force applied to a device, thesystem comprising: a) a device comprising a drag-generating componentand two or more strain sensors, said device configured to output strainmeasurements from the two or more strain sensors to a computer; b) acomputer configured receive as input the strain measurements from thetwo or more strain sensors and calculate a weather-related force appliedto a device; and c) a software component for implementing an algorithmto receive as inputs the strain measurements and calculate a forcevector describing the weather related force applied to the device and/ora software component for implementing an algorithm to receive as inputsthe strain measurements and calculate a bending moment of a shaftattached to the drag-generating component of the device and/or tocalculate a bending moment in a load cell attached to the shaft.
 66. Thesystem of claim 65 comprising two or more said devices distributed overa geographic region and in communication with a computer.